Dry run tracing

301.13 Testing

Testing — Note 3 of 6

Step through manually.

What you need to know

A dry run means stepping through code line by line on paper, recording variable values in a trace table. This helps find logic errors without running the program.

What to know

Create columns for each variable
Add a row for each line that changes a value
Include the output column for print statements
Follow loops iteration by iteration

Code examples

Dry run this code

python

x = 1
for i in range(3):
    x = x * 2
print(x)
# Trace: x=1 → x=2 → x=4 → x=8
# Output: 8

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Specification notes for programming are in Paper 2.